Nana Saheb Peshwa, the last Maratha leader

Author : Sangini Banik

Nana Saheb Peshwa: A Revolutionary Leader of the Indian Rebellion of 1857, Nana Saheb Peshwa, also known as Dhondu Pant, was a prominent leader of the Indian Rebellion of 1857, which is widely regarded as the first major war of Indian independence against British colonial rule. His leadership, bravery, and determination marked him as one of the most significant figures in India's struggle for freedom. Nana Saheb's role in the revolt exemplifies the fierce resistance of Indian leaders and citizens against colonial oppression.

Nana Saheb Peshwa was born on 19 May 1824 in Bithoor (near Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh). He was the adopted son of Peshwa Baji Rao II, the last ruler of the Maratha Empire under the Peshwa dynasty. The Marathas, a powerful and influential empire, had seen their decline after the Third Anglo-Maratha War, which ended in 1818 with the British gaining control over much of their territory.

Nana Saheb's biological parents were Narayan Bhatt and Ganga Bai, who were poor Brahmins. His adoption by Baji Rao II was part of the Maratha tradition of ensuring succession through adoption when direct heirs were not available. Nana Saheb grew up in the Bithoor palace and was trained in the administrative and military traditions of the Marathas. Nana Saheb’s discontent with British rule stemmed from the Doctrine of Lapse, a policy implemented by Lord Dalhousie, the Governor-General of India. According to this policy, if an Indian ruler died without a biological male heir, their kingdom would be annexed by the British. This policy disregarded the tradition of adoption, which was deeply ingrained in Indian society.When Peshwa Baji Rao II died in 1851, Nana Saheb, as his adopted son, expected to inherit his father’s pension and privileges. However, the British East India Company refused to recognize him as the legal heir, denying him the annual pension of ₹8 lakh that had been granted to Baji Rao II. This decision deeply humiliated Nana Saheb and sowed the seeds of rebellion in his mind.The Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny, was triggered by widespread resentment against British policies, including economic exploitation, cultural insensitivity, and the use of greased cartridges rumored to be made from cow and pig fat. This rumor offended both Hindu and Muslim soldiers, sparking mutinies across northern India.

Nana Saheb’s Leadership in Kanpur Nana Saheb emerged as a key leader in the rebellion, particularly in Kanpur. He joined forces with sepoys and local leaders to challenge British authority. In June 1857, the rebels, under Nana Saheb’s leadership, successfully captured Kanpur and established a provisional government. Nana declared himself the Peshwa of India, aiming to restore the Maratha Empire and drive the British out.One of the most significant events of Nana Saheb’s leadership was the Siege of Kanpur. British forces, led by General Hugh Wheeler, were besieged by Nana Saheb’s troops in their entrenchments. After a three-week siege, the British surrendered on the promise of safe passage. However, a tragic and controversial incident followed when the departing British were attacked, resulting in the death of many. This event, often referred to as the "Bibighar massacre," remains a contentious episode in history.The British recaptured Kanpur in July 1857, and Nana Saheb retreated to evade capture. Despite his efforts to regroup and continue the fight, the rebellion gradually lost momentum due to superior British resources and military tactics. By mid-1858, the rebellion was effectively crushed.After the failure of the rebellion, Nana Saheb disappeared, and his fate remains shrouded in mystery. Some reports suggest he fled to Nepal, while others claim he lived in hiding in various parts of India. British records indicate that they continued searching for him for years, but he was never captured. Nana Saheb’s enigmatic disappearance added to his legend, making him a symbol of resistance against colonial rule.

Nana Saheb Peshwa is remembered as a courageous leader who dared to challenge the might of the British Empire. His role in the 1857 rebellion inspired subsequent generations of freedom fighters, including leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Subhas Chandra Bose. Nana Saheb’s fight highlighted the injustices of British policies and demonstrated the resilience and unity of Indians against foreign domination.

Nana Saheb’s story has been depicted in various literary works, films, and historical accounts. While colonial narratives often painted him in a negative light, post-independence historians have celebrated him as a hero of the freedom movement.